Some thoughts on the History of Chemistry (against SSR of T. Kuhn)
1. Development of volumetric flask, graduated cylinder, pipet, buret.
2. Development of SI-units.
3. Discoveries of the elements, The Table of Elements.
4. The development of The Table of Elements, system.
5. Identifying substance properties, the chemical properties.
6. Atomic model? The molecules, etc.
7. The number of chemists (alchemists, earlier).
8. The universities actually doing chemistry (or alchemy). Case of psychology, universities started fairly late.
9. Gunpowder, etc. Natural compounds.
History of chemistry being the 3. case in point against Kuhn's SSR.
Thus we have a start? Yes.
Links, 2,
Blogspot, Criticism of Kuhn's Paradigms - Building Babel's Tower: https://whatiswritten777.blogspot.com/2013/07/criticism-of-kuhns-paradigms-building.html
Blogspot, Case in Point - Astronomy - Against Kuhn's Revolutions and Paradigms: https://whatiswritten777.blogspot.com/2017/01/case-in-point-astronomy-against-kuhns.html + Case #2 of Pendulum vs. swinging stones
Showing posts with label history. Show all posts
Showing posts with label history. Show all posts
Thursday, 13 September 2018
Thursday, 5 January 2017
Case in Point - Astronomy - Against Kuhn's Revolutions and Paradigms
First, some links,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos Aristarchus of Samos, c. 310 - c. 230 BC
- The heliocentric view that has failed to take hold
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_astronomical_diaries Babylonian astronomical diaries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy Ptolemy, c. 100 AD - c. 170 AD
- The geocentric worldview
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century#List_of_translations
"- Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.)
Almagest: from Greek, Sicily c. 1160; Gerard of Cremona, from Arabic, Toledo 1175
Optica: Eugenius of Palermo, from Arabic, c. 1154"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press Printing press
"The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries. By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes. In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies. The operation of a press became so synonymous with the enterprise of printing that it lent its name to an entire new branch of media, the press."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus, 19 February 1473 - 24 May 1543 (AD)
- The heliocentric worldview (start)
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe Tycho Brahe 14 December 1546 – 24 October 1601
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- Wrongly posited the geo-heliocentric worldview, the Tychonic system
"Well known in his lifetime as an astronomer, astrologer and alchemist, he has been described as "the first competent mind in modern astronomy to feel ardently the passion for exact empirical facts." His observations were some five times more accurate than the best available observations at the time."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telescope History of the telescope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telescope_types List of telescope types
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory#Oldest_astronomical_observatories Astronomical observatories - oldest
A selection...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope
- Galileo's use: "Galileo Galilei, happening to be in Venice in about the month of May 1609, heard of the invention and constructed a version of his own."
- Kepler's use: "The Keplerian telescope, invented by Johannes Kepler in 1611, is an improvement on Galileo's design. It uses a convex lens as the eyepiece instead of Galileo's concave one."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei Galileo Galilei, 15 February 1564 - 8 January 1642
- The heliocentric worldview (supported)
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- Refracting telescope, Galilean telescope, supporting the heliocentric worldview
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler, December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630
- The heliocentric worldview (supported)
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- Refracting telescope, Keplerian telescope, supporting the heliocentric worldview
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism Heliocentrism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars Binoculars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_telescope Reflecting telescope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton Sir Isaac Newton FRS 25 December 1642 - 20 March 1726/27
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- Reflecting telescope, Newtonian telescope (1668), supporting the heliocentric worldview
- Theory of gravity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope Newtonian telescope
- Newton's invention
"In late 1668 Isaac Newton built his first reflecting telescope. He chose an alloy (speculum metal) of tin and copper as the most suitable material for his objective mirror. He later devised means for shaping and grinding the mirror and may have been the first to use a pitch lap to polish the optical surface."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel Frederick William Herschel KH, FRS 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- All telescopes for this era!
"During his career, he constructed more than four hundred telescopes. The largest and most famous of these was a reflecting telescope with a 49 1⁄2-inch-diameter (1.26 m) primary mirror and a 40-foot (12 m) focal length. Because of the poor reflectivity of the speculum mirrors of that day, Herschel eliminated the small diagonal mirror of a standard newtonian reflector from his design and tilted his primary mirror so he could view the formed image directly."
- Library of theories (Theory of gravity, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton etc.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe The Universe
"The earliest scientific models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing the Earth at the center of the Universe. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Sir Isaac Newton (NS: 1643–1727) built upon Copernicus's work as well as observations by Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) and Johannes Kepler's (1571–1630) laws of planetary motion. Further observational improvements led to the realization that our Solar System is located in the Milky Way galaxy and is one of many solar systems and galaxies. It is assumed that galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. Discoveries in the early 20th century have suggested that the Universe had a beginning and that it is expanding at an increasing rate."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble Edwin Powell Hubble November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- All telescopes for this era!
- Library of theories (Theory of gravity, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton etc.)
- "was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century. Hubble is known for showing that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth, implying the universe is expanding, known as "Hubble's law", although a preliminary version of this relation was proposed by Georges Lemaître two years earlier in a less prominent journal."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Shapley Harlow Shapley November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- All telescopes for this era!
- Library of theories (Theory of gravity, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton etc.)
"He used RR Lyrae stars to correctly estimate the size of the Milky Way Galaxy and the sun's position within it by using parallax. In 1953 he proposed his "liquid water belt" theory, now known as the concept of a habitable zone."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein Albert Einstein 14 March 1879 - 18 April 1955
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- All telescopes for this era!
- Library of theories (Theory of gravity, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton etc.)
- Theory of relativity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite Satellite
"The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Artificial satellites originate from more than 40 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. About a thousand satellites are currently operational, whereas thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris. A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Vesta, Eros, Ceres, and the Sun."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing Moon landing
"A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. This includes both manned and unmanned (robotic) missions. The first human-made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 mission, on 13 September 1959.
The United States' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon, on 20 July 1969. There have been six manned U.S. landings (between 1969 and 1972) and numerous unmanned landings, with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013."
My claim is then that "bits and pieces" make the scientific day against Kuhn's "orderly" Paradigms and so on, that science takes place in a "Cumulativist" way where science gets increasingly accurate and on Truth!
Additionally:
I've identified a mark of stupidity in history of science in that Galileo Galilei's superior has failed to commission/make the order for building, let's say, 10 Galilean telescopes when in fact his opponents and contemporaries alike have been in need of one!
This is remarkable because it shows that his contemporaries have not (to my knowledge) been interested to learn what Galileo Galilei has seen in his telescope!
Conclusion: the opponents of Galileo Galilei have not been driven by a (first-hand) thirst for knowledge!
History shows that there are quite some examples of this kind of behaviour, I think!
This also shows that Galileo Galilei has failed to teach people the way of the telescope and the calculations for his (famous) claim in support of Copernicus!
Kuhn also seems to forget that the Galilean telescope can be directed at a far-away tree or any other object. This is, of course, not a "new worldview", but enhanced sight!
From this text I intend to show that the title reveals the truth. Largely speaking "revolutions" is the
language of the tabloids!
Case in Point #2: Swinging stone in ancient Greece vs. pendulum in renaissance Italy
Relating to Aristotle and Galileo by Kuhn and SSR, p. 118 - 125 and the difference of a swinging stone and the pendulum.
Aristotle: 384 BC - 322 BC, seeing a swinging stone, I guess, by chain or thread.
Galileo: 15 February 1564 - 8 January 1642, seeing the pendulum.
The difference between them: roughly 2000 yrs.
So, by Cumulativism, if we have 2000 years between 2 people and suppose a "revolution" as Galileo considers the pendulum I'd like people to think again because that's 2000 years of engineering history as well.
Let's list some factors for these 2000 years of engineering history:
* Measurements - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_measurement
* Accuracy and precision - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision
* Technological ability to manipulate objects (i.e., tools and more) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance (for "simple machines")
So it proceeds from the factors above that a "revolution" hardly can be noted over the course of 2000 entire years and with the advance of the factors above.
Orderly: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum.
For comparison, one can note that difference in weaponry as well, in telling a story of engineering:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_weapons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun
History of metalworking:
http://www.hackingtheuniverse.com/science/history-of-science-and-technology/genarticles/timeline-of-metalworking
Aristotle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
Galileo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
"Thus the press/media reports an ongoing revolution by transition from a swinging stone to a pendulum for 2000 years."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Samos Aristarchus of Samos, c. 310 - c. 230 BC
- The heliocentric view that has failed to take hold
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_astronomical_diaries Babylonian astronomical diaries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy Ptolemy, c. 100 AD - c. 170 AD
- The geocentric worldview
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century#List_of_translations
"- Ptolemy (2nd century A.D.)
Almagest: from Greek, Sicily c. 1160; Gerard of Cremona, from Arabic, Toledo 1175
Optica: Eugenius of Palermo, from Arabic, c. 1154"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press Printing press
"The printing press spread within several decades to over two hundred cities in a dozen European countries. By 1500, printing presses in operation throughout Western Europe had already produced more than twenty million volumes. In the 16th century, with presses spreading further afield, their output rose tenfold to an estimated 150 to 200 million copies. The operation of a press became so synonymous with the enterprise of printing that it lent its name to an entire new branch of media, the press."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus, 19 February 1473 - 24 May 1543 (AD)
- The heliocentric worldview (start)
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe Tycho Brahe 14 December 1546 – 24 October 1601
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- Wrongly posited the geo-heliocentric worldview, the Tychonic system
"Well known in his lifetime as an astronomer, astrologer and alchemist, he has been described as "the first competent mind in modern astronomy to feel ardently the passion for exact empirical facts." His observations were some five times more accurate than the best available observations at the time."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telescope History of the telescope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_telescope_types List of telescope types
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observatory#Oldest_astronomical_observatories Astronomical observatories - oldest
A selection...
- 1577: Istanbul observatory of Taqi al-Din, Turkey
- 1580: Uraniborg, Denmark
- 1581: Stjerneborg, Denmark
- 1642: Panzano Observatory, Italy
- 1642: Round Tower, Denmark
- 1633: Leiden Observatory, Netherlands
- 1667: Paris Observatory, France
- 1675: Royal Greenwich Observatory, England
- 1695: Sukharev Tower, Russia
- 1711: Berlin Observatory, Germany
- 1724: Jantar Mantar, India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope
- Galileo's use: "Galileo Galilei, happening to be in Venice in about the month of May 1609, heard of the invention and constructed a version of his own."
- Kepler's use: "The Keplerian telescope, invented by Johannes Kepler in 1611, is an improvement on Galileo's design. It uses a convex lens as the eyepiece instead of Galileo's concave one."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei Galileo Galilei, 15 February 1564 - 8 January 1642
- The heliocentric worldview (supported)
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- Refracting telescope, Galilean telescope, supporting the heliocentric worldview
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler Johannes Kepler, December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630
- The heliocentric worldview (supported)
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- Refracting telescope, Keplerian telescope, supporting the heliocentric worldview
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism Heliocentrism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binoculars Binoculars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflecting_telescope Reflecting telescope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton Sir Isaac Newton FRS 25 December 1642 - 20 March 1726/27
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- Reflecting telescope, Newtonian telescope (1668), supporting the heliocentric worldview
- Theory of gravity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian_telescope Newtonian telescope
- Newton's invention
"In late 1668 Isaac Newton built his first reflecting telescope. He chose an alloy (speculum metal) of tin and copper as the most suitable material for his objective mirror. He later devised means for shaping and grinding the mirror and may have been the first to use a pitch lap to polish the optical surface."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel Frederick William Herschel KH, FRS 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- All telescopes for this era!
"During his career, he constructed more than four hundred telescopes. The largest and most famous of these was a reflecting telescope with a 49 1⁄2-inch-diameter (1.26 m) primary mirror and a 40-foot (12 m) focal length. Because of the poor reflectivity of the speculum mirrors of that day, Herschel eliminated the small diagonal mirror of a standard newtonian reflector from his design and tilted his primary mirror so he could view the formed image directly."
- Library of theories (Theory of gravity, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton etc.)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe The Universe
"The earliest scientific models of the Universe were developed by ancient Greek and Indian philosophers and were geocentric, placing the Earth at the center of the Universe. Over the centuries, more precise astronomical observations led Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) to develop the heliocentric model with the Sun at the center of the Solar System. In developing the law of universal gravitation, Sir Isaac Newton (NS: 1643–1727) built upon Copernicus's work as well as observations by Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) and Johannes Kepler's (1571–1630) laws of planetary motion. Further observational improvements led to the realization that our Solar System is located in the Milky Way galaxy and is one of many solar systems and galaxies. It is assumed that galaxies are distributed uniformly and the same in all directions, meaning that the Universe has neither an edge nor a center. Discoveries in the early 20th century have suggested that the Universe had a beginning and that it is expanding at an increasing rate."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble Edwin Powell Hubble November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- All telescopes for this era!
- Library of theories (Theory of gravity, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton etc.)
- "was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century. Hubble is known for showing that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth, implying the universe is expanding, known as "Hubble's law", although a preliminary version of this relation was proposed by Georges Lemaître two years earlier in a less prominent journal."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlow_Shapley Harlow Shapley November 2, 1885 – October 20, 1972
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- All telescopes for this era!
- Library of theories (Theory of gravity, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton etc.)
"He used RR Lyrae stars to correctly estimate the size of the Milky Way Galaxy and the sun's position within it by using parallax. In 1953 he proposed his "liquid water belt" theory, now known as the concept of a habitable zone."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein Albert Einstein 14 March 1879 - 18 April 1955
- Growing archive/database of observations, library of astronomical data
- All telescopes for this era!
- Library of theories (Theory of gravity, Kepler, Copernicus, Newton etc.)
- Theory of relativity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite Satellite
"The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1957. Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth. Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit. Artificial satellites originate from more than 40 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations. About a thousand satellites are currently operational, whereas thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris. A few space probes have been placed into orbit around other bodies and become artificial satellites to the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Vesta, Eros, Ceres, and the Sun."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing Moon landing
"A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. This includes both manned and unmanned (robotic) missions. The first human-made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 mission, on 13 September 1959.
The United States' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon, on 20 July 1969. There have been six manned U.S. landings (between 1969 and 1972) and numerous unmanned landings, with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013."
My claim is then that "bits and pieces" make the scientific day against Kuhn's "orderly" Paradigms and so on, that science takes place in a "Cumulativist" way where science gets increasingly accurate and on Truth!
Additionally:
I've identified a mark of stupidity in history of science in that Galileo Galilei's superior has failed to commission/make the order for building, let's say, 10 Galilean telescopes when in fact his opponents and contemporaries alike have been in need of one!
This is remarkable because it shows that his contemporaries have not (to my knowledge) been interested to learn what Galileo Galilei has seen in his telescope!
Conclusion: the opponents of Galileo Galilei have not been driven by a (first-hand) thirst for knowledge!
History shows that there are quite some examples of this kind of behaviour, I think!
This also shows that Galileo Galilei has failed to teach people the way of the telescope and the calculations for his (famous) claim in support of Copernicus!
Kuhn also seems to forget that the Galilean telescope can be directed at a far-away tree or any other object. This is, of course, not a "new worldview", but enhanced sight!
language of the tabloids!
Case in Point #2: Swinging stone in ancient Greece vs. pendulum in renaissance Italy
Relating to Aristotle and Galileo by Kuhn and SSR, p. 118 - 125 and the difference of a swinging stone and the pendulum.
Aristotle: 384 BC - 322 BC, seeing a swinging stone, I guess, by chain or thread.
Galileo: 15 February 1564 - 8 January 1642, seeing the pendulum.
The difference between them: roughly 2000 yrs.
So, by Cumulativism, if we have 2000 years between 2 people and suppose a "revolution" as Galileo considers the pendulum I'd like people to think again because that's 2000 years of engineering history as well.
Let's list some factors for these 2000 years of engineering history:
* Measurements - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_measurement
* Accuracy and precision - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision
* Technological ability to manipulate objects (i.e., tools and more) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance (for "simple machines")
So it proceeds from the factors above that a "revolution" hardly can be noted over the course of 2000 entire years and with the advance of the factors above.
Orderly: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum.
For comparison, one can note that difference in weaponry as well, in telling a story of engineering:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_weapons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanelles_Gun
History of metalworking:
http://www.hackingtheuniverse.com/science/history-of-science-and-technology/genarticles/timeline-of-metalworking
Aristotle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle
Galileo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei
"Thus the press/media reports an ongoing revolution by transition from a swinging stone to a pendulum for 2000 years."
Tuesday, 6 May 2014
Capital in the Twenty-First Century - The book from T. Piketty
Thomas Piketty has been mentioned by Fareed Zakaria on GPS and I agree. It's just to take this in straight!
Corruption and other crime is in all aspects so vastly present that to combat crime needs to take priority! However, one does not need to declare oneself a Socialist for this reason. The (blue, lighter or stronger) VICTORY over Marx is in every way fundamental and with Piketty's solution, as he writes, Leadership and Intelligence are either way ensured! We only become more lightly BLUE!
The way forward is to secure a BETTER World, ecologically and with less CRIME too!
Other than Marx, there are these other traditional values of family, monarchy, human rights, privacy, democracy etc. All of these have been successfully defended by Capitalism. The way from 10 000 BC and upto today, 2014, has been the development of natural morals, the ETHICS, from clan wars and barbarism to a civilised society of today!
The word from Piketty's book: Regulation!
A url link to Gurdian report on his book: http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/may/02/thomas-piketty-capital-in-the-twenty-first-century-french-economist.
Thomas Piketty: the French economist bringing capitalism to book
Another url: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx
The different story of unfolded Capitalism in history:
The Triangle Trade - Europe - Africa - USA (as account of the Human Being from this time)
The political map of this time, The Triangle Trade
The monarchies and the others
Industrial revolution
Establishment of the Workers' Movement
Establishment of the negotiating parties of working life
The fight for workers' rights!
Universal voting rights, men first and then women
1. World War
The New Deal
2. World War
UN
Further development of laws and regulations
Established mass education by law (time span)
Here and now!
The head of K. Marx (with NSDAP, Stalin and Mao) hangs by this as well as the accusations from the (Joseph) McCarthyism time:
"Gravestone for Communism (until Utopia)"
Corruption and other crime is in all aspects so vastly present that to combat crime needs to take priority! However, one does not need to declare oneself a Socialist for this reason. The (blue, lighter or stronger) VICTORY over Marx is in every way fundamental and with Piketty's solution, as he writes, Leadership and Intelligence are either way ensured! We only become more lightly BLUE!
The way forward is to secure a BETTER World, ecologically and with less CRIME too!
Other than Marx, there are these other traditional values of family, monarchy, human rights, privacy, democracy etc. All of these have been successfully defended by Capitalism. The way from 10 000 BC and upto today, 2014, has been the development of natural morals, the ETHICS, from clan wars and barbarism to a civilised society of today!
The word from Piketty's book: Regulation!
A url link to Gurdian report on his book: http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/may/02/thomas-piketty-capital-in-the-twenty-first-century-french-economist.
Thomas Piketty: the French economist bringing capitalism to book
Another url: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx
The different story of unfolded Capitalism in history:
The Triangle Trade - Europe - Africa - USA (as account of the Human Being from this time)
The political map of this time, The Triangle Trade
The monarchies and the others
Industrial revolution
Establishment of the Workers' Movement
Establishment of the negotiating parties of working life
The fight for workers' rights!
Universal voting rights, men first and then women
1. World War
The New Deal
2. World War
UN
Further development of laws and regulations
Established mass education by law (time span)
Here and now!
The head of K. Marx (with NSDAP, Stalin and Mao) hangs by this as well as the accusations from the (Joseph) McCarthyism time:
"Gravestone for Communism (until Utopia)"
I find that capitalism is better at controlling corruption than communism. That is, capitalism is more fault tolerant. While communism almost demands that people are like angels, capitalism can deal with a relatively large amount of not so good people.
Besides, in capitalism people can settle with less and be pleased with it while those who want it can work themselves to death and enjoy their fortune from it. This is almost impossible in communism, I think.
I want to mention:
- communism focuses on work of people and this can be way harder to make a just issue of in that system
- capitalism focuses on money and money can be made to adjust for all kind of relationships, from capitalisation of ideas to the amount of stress from work
Who is supposed to kick the hardest work in communism without having advantages for doing it? If workload is supposed to be equal, should one make elaborate psychologies of work to make sure nobody stresses, carry more workload, than others? Communism seems to me to be more complex to incorporate.
Soviet Union has been marked by two very bad ideas: Communism and Atheism!
China is not any communist country anymore, mind you. It has officially described itself as socialist some years ago and even then their communism may just be a kind of "communism" through which their need for control in overcoming severe problems and a vast population may have called for it.
Besides, in capitalism people can settle with less and be pleased with it while those who want it can work themselves to death and enjoy their fortune from it. This is almost impossible in communism, I think.
I want to mention:
- communism focuses on work of people and this can be way harder to make a just issue of in that system
- capitalism focuses on money and money can be made to adjust for all kind of relationships, from capitalisation of ideas to the amount of stress from work
Who is supposed to kick the hardest work in communism without having advantages for doing it? If workload is supposed to be equal, should one make elaborate psychologies of work to make sure nobody stresses, carry more workload, than others? Communism seems to me to be more complex to incorporate.
Soviet Union has been marked by two very bad ideas: Communism and Atheism!
China is not any communist country anymore, mind you. It has officially described itself as socialist some years ago and even then their communism may just be a kind of "communism" through which their need for control in overcoming severe problems and a vast population may have called for it.
It's true that China has only one party, but they do elect electives to the "party congress" and I also happen to believe that there's more than 1 possible candidate in most or all of these elections to the "party congress" beside having the possibility to vote blank or not to vote at all, going into some kind of system opposition, trying to change the political machinery, at least!
The elections? You will have to check, but I think the last has been reported within a year or two. Thanks for asking the question, Wootah. One thing is for certain, China does not fulfill the the communist ideal of everyone being equally rich or poor, quite the opposite. There are quite large economic differences in China. It's true though that they have only one party and that this is typical for a communist country, perhaps even for a social one as they describe themselves as.
The type of democracy (in case it really is) is one that goes along a line of culture and a certain scope of politics and it is of this kind, I think a one-party democracy can be effective. That you want progress and control over this fast and steady and thus the political system is set up as it is. Remember that the Chinese political system is handling 1,2 Billion people and a good deal of these are quite poor! So what should one do? I think the Chinese have chosen a fine middle way, preserving own culture and emphasising the important aims beside of this.
You can look up yourselves the democracies of USA with its 310 million people and downwards...
The elections? You will have to check, but I think the last has been reported within a year or two. Thanks for asking the question, Wootah. One thing is for certain, China does not fulfill the the communist ideal of everyone being equally rich or poor, quite the opposite. There are quite large economic differences in China. It's true though that they have only one party and that this is typical for a communist country, perhaps even for a social one as they describe themselves as.
The type of democracy (in case it really is) is one that goes along a line of culture and a certain scope of politics and it is of this kind, I think a one-party democracy can be effective. That you want progress and control over this fast and steady and thus the political system is set up as it is. Remember that the Chinese political system is handling 1,2 Billion people and a good deal of these are quite poor! So what should one do? I think the Chinese have chosen a fine middle way, preserving own culture and emphasising the important aims beside of this.
You can look up yourselves the democracies of USA with its 310 million people and downwards...
As well (the above text has been edited from the source, Issues from the Internet, on this blog:
"I've earlier written these on [forum] where you can find the original writings. I find them to be so striking that I post them here as well:
[Dead for all foreseeable future?]
--------
Principally,
1 Mn people service the same 1 Mn people, including oneself. Then 1 Mn services if individual services by administration of robots. Then this means 1 Mn $ income by 1 $ for each person served, affording 1 Mn products and services including the service to oneself.
Proof: Everyone can become dollar-millionaires on Earth and at the same time affording many products and services if not exactly 1 Mn services and products, i.e., living the life of a dollar-millionaire!
The future looks really BRIGHT!
--------
Communism and ("pure") Socialism has a fundamental problem in accepting Human Rights (UDHR by UN) by their fanatical hunt for "equality ideal" (even when "equality" isn't further defined by them). Therefore, all Communistic groups (or thereof, Antifa?) can pack their things because they are in this always presenting themselves as liars on one level or another.
From a review of Klassekampen, a "Communistic"(?) newspaper in Norway, the original Norwegian version:
"Kommunisme og ("ren") Sosialisme har et fundamentalt problem med å akseptere Menneskerettighetene (UDHR ved FN) etter sin fanatiske jakt på "likhetsidealet" (uten at "likhet" er videre definert av dem). Derfor kan Klassekampen pakke sakene for på et nivå eller et annet så blir de dømt til å være løgnere!"
[Dead for all foreseeable future?]
--------
Principally,
1 Mn people service the same 1 Mn people, including oneself. Then 1 Mn services if individual services by administration of robots. Then this means 1 Mn $ income by 1 $ for each person served, affording 1 Mn products and services including the service to oneself.
Proof: Everyone can become dollar-millionaires on Earth and at the same time affording many products and services if not exactly 1 Mn services and products, i.e., living the life of a dollar-millionaire!
The future looks really BRIGHT!
--------
Communism and ("pure") Socialism has a fundamental problem in accepting Human Rights (UDHR by UN) by their fanatical hunt for "equality ideal" (even when "equality" isn't further defined by them). Therefore, all Communistic groups (or thereof, Antifa?) can pack their things because they are in this always presenting themselves as liars on one level or another.
From a review of Klassekampen, a "Communistic"(?) newspaper in Norway, the original Norwegian version:
"Kommunisme og ("ren") Sosialisme har et fundamentalt problem med å akseptere Menneskerettighetene (UDHR ved FN) etter sin fanatiske jakt på "likhetsidealet" (uten at "likhet" er videre definert av dem). Derfor kan Klassekampen pakke sakene for på et nivå eller et annet så blir de dømt til å være løgnere!"
Wednesday, 31 July 2013
The Forms after Plato - Some History of Christianity - Respects to Rev. Luther of Germany
- If one seeks to hold the forms, by Plato/Augustine, the highest with any church, one commits a worse deadly sin than any other deadly sin and it is, by consequence, to strike away these 3 important groups from the Bible, out of which one is "only" ignorance:
- Stricken: The 7/8 Virtues (8th as "Conscientia".)
- Stricken: The 10 Commandments
- Ignored: The 7/8 Vices
-- with the 8th Vice being stick with the Forms, i.e., the rituals, the words themselves only formally, the invokes, by theory of theology, an Induction to Christianity as a kind of religious test of nature to actually make Christians by having them to say words and to undergo religious rituals, the liturgy, the highest, that is, to support the formalities of the Church, any set, incl. possibly all, higher than the Word of God to one's own soul, the Bible, also by the deepest understanding itself.
Therefore, considering the Evangelical-Lutheran Church today, by Christianity, there is only one thing to conclude with: it holds STRENGTH and so much so too, honouring St. Peter, the Rock of Faith, higher/highest too, equal to the honours that St. Peter evidently receives by the Catholic Church.
(Please follow the Bible primarily, and with heart and soul too. Respects.)
- Stricken: The 7/8 Virtues (8th as "Conscientia".)
- Stricken: The 10 Commandments
- Ignored: The 7/8 Vices
-- with the 8th Vice being stick with the Forms, i.e., the rituals, the words themselves only formally, the invokes, by theory of theology, an Induction to Christianity as a kind of religious test of nature to actually make Christians by having them to say words and to undergo religious rituals, the liturgy, the highest, that is, to support the formalities of the Church, any set, incl. possibly all, higher than the Word of God to one's own soul, the Bible, also by the deepest understanding itself.
Therefore, considering the Evangelical-Lutheran Church today, by Christianity, there is only one thing to conclude with: it holds STRENGTH and so much so too, honouring St. Peter, the Rock of Faith, higher/highest too, equal to the honours that St. Peter evidently receives by the Catholic Church.
(Please follow the Bible primarily, and with heart and soul too. Respects.)
Friday, 26 July 2013
World History and Time - The Names, The Achievements...
There are some names which are more cool than others and as usual I have my favourites, given World History and Time, 4 names:
Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274)
Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)
Søren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)
Karl Popper (1902 - 1994)
to start...
Who else? Let me think about it and why don't you make your own list too? We can use a number of histories and other, such as the Nobel Prizes, all combined.
:-)
(I don't bother to make a negative list.)
Thomas Aquinas (1225 - 1274)
Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804)
Søren Kierkegaard (1813 - 1855)
Karl Popper (1902 - 1994)
to start...
Who else? Let me think about it and why don't you make your own list too? We can use a number of histories and other, such as the Nobel Prizes, all combined.
:-)
(I don't bother to make a negative list.)
Monday, 10 December 2012
Over Camus and "The Stranger" - Entering the literary debate of early, the contrib. to Intellectuality
"The Killer of Friend" - Over "The Stranger" further and apart from "Perfect Strangers / Perfect Lovers" ( / = slash )
"The Killer of Friend" is to be a lasting reference for me over "The Stranger" by Camus of France/Algerie. Indeed, by "The Stranger" I leave no doubt in saying that to kill a friend is to kill the concept of friend!! This seems to be a hard statement AND IT IS! To pay respect to proper sentiments is TO PRESERVE THEM!
The former message to "The Stranger"/"The Outsider" by Camus has been:
Perfect Stranger as performed by Deep Purple
Can you remember remember my name
As I flow through your life
A thousand oceans I have flown - Alt. "A thousand notions - I have flow (psychological and note on Christian cross of "t" by notions with connector as separator.)
And cold spirits of ice
All my life
I am the echo of your past
I am returning the echo of a point in time Distant faces shine
A thousand warriors I have known
And laughing as the spirits appear
All your life Shadows of another day
And if you hear me talking on the wind
You've got to understand
We must remain Perfect Strangers
I know I must remain inside this silent well of sorrow
A strand of silver hanging through the sky
Touching more than you see
The voice of ages in your mind
Is aching with the dead of the night
Precious life (your tears are lost in falling rain)
And if you hear me talking on the wind
You've got to understand
We must remain Perfect Strangers
The text anew with background (over "Perfect Strangers" and strangling The Stranger of Camus to death):
Can you remember - the memory of action, the memory of exactly this "lost" friend.
Remember my name - the lost friend talking to you, killer of "friend".
As i flow through your life - as the lost friend "flow" through your life, i.e., your memories as you die, day by day, or exactly now.
A thousand oceans i have flown - that the mystery of origin of /intelligence/ and humanity has a huge depth.
And cold spirits of ice - the spirits of deep logics, their rights to life, intuitively, their nature of cleanliness, and that they may be watching your pathetic self, you the killer of "friend"
All my life - all the life of a human being with human worth, i.e., the human rights I am the echo of your past - you will hear from your killed friend, your crimes will be known this way or that I am returning the echo of a point in time - the friend of killing is of this unknown nature, reiteration
Distant faces shine - distant faces of dignity and happiness shine, not where you are, killer of "friend", but their presence and nature of mystery find their own places in universe, despite a pathetic little soul like that of yours
A thousand warriors I have known (Sun Tzu and his Terracotta and the Japanese classic, Hagakure, if not the tank equipment and other funny remarks, growing up during cold war and so forth!)
Additional background material by Perfect Lovers / Perfect Strangers, having already won the discussion in France "a while ago":All of this goes to Camus' book of "The Stranger". This must be perfectly clear!
1. "I understand I must remain in this well of sorrow - to "you" as this person, as I speak to the insane, unable to understand humanity and consequently *demands* the well of sorrow /on other people/!- to the killer of "friend"!
2. "remain perfect strangers" - the relation between the person who rejected people and those who cherish life- the chasm between these two groups of people!- This is a wording that intermediates the written discussion, subduing the violences and other conflicts of life.
Given a slightly faulty memory, I have some restraint, but there is a suspicion of mine that there's a killer's signature in the middle of the book of Camus' "The Stranger" (according to police's standards). You need to read it carefully in order to detect ito r even recheck throughout the book in order to connect some information.
There's another peculiar thing about "removing" a friend who is "downward"/"on a downward trend" and it has to do with qualifying this "downward trend" of friend. I suspect they are retreating more and more from life as "everything" becomes weakness and only they maintain "a proper butcher's knife" for the real life to obtain!
I think I'm also entitled to claim that the song was produced in Kvinesdal, a neighbouring "kommune" to Farsund, because the song demanded specifics for it to be performed properly, probably implying more fame as well!
Lyrics found with the help from Lyricsfreak by http://www.lyricsfreak.com/d/deep+purple/perfect+strangers_20038780.html .
Over "The Stranger" by Camus (as in English): I've now been looking over the text of Camus, 76/77, including a word on the author himself. The text is clearly about one part "in real life" and one part in being a prison inmate for a crime. The text also carries two rather unpleasant stories over "an old boy", what I take to be a teen-ager above 15, and a story over a dog that is /forced/ to attack another dog, i.e., the dog eats dog part of real life insofar... Well, well, no clear killer signature as such from the author's mentality himself. This holds no significance either. And on the contrary, given the background of Algerie (of poverty then, most certainly), he should be left the room to sympathise with communism "for France to come down, and for Algerie to rise respectfully". Clearly, my Ad Hominems must go, as they also have NO place in common history over him as person. Also, and sympatically enough, over life matters, he describes a "Home" what can also go for the very control over every individual and the denial of general freedom for people. Not becoming any better now as we are 7,1 Bn people (7.1 US Eng.). So this is where I stand, then rather /the/ attack on general stupidity everywhere in the World with ((Perfect Lovers Slash) Perfect Strangers performed by Deep Purple, and Oceans (of Time, i.e., the Buddhistic theories of many people destinies
before my own person) rather than "Notions"!
I'd also say this further:
There has been Alt. "A thousand notions - I have flow (psychological and note on Christian cross of "t" by notions with connector as separator.)
and that Deep Purple's solution has been to produce 2 versions while I could have seen an alternation song and these 2 or just one of them. Good?
Out of this, some people, mostly psychologists, started to get interested in people's "brain flows" and for good, I think, that you can compare the "brain flows" between schizophrenics and healthy people for example, another possible avenue as "indicator for diagnostication" and research.
The "flow" point may prove an additional point against (irrational) The Stranger by Camus under the hypothesis that the person has tendencies toward schizophrenia or "outward", but outside mental pathology, i.e., with no need for hospital care.
(More to come!)
Also, as I am the name-holder of mSomatism!
It takes the reading of Camus' book for understanding to obtain! You get it, please?
Note: First made a note to Facebook on Monday, 19 November 2012 at 12:06 CET.
Note2: Lyrics found with the help from Lyricsfreak by http://www.lyricsfreak.com/d/deep+purple/perfect+strangers_20038780.html .
Saturday, 15 October 2011
A Thought over the Past - The War of Ideologies is History!
What a great step forward it is for the World to gather under UN and Pugwash strategy, having gotten rid of the Communism/Capitalism divide! Now that we are all "mixed economies" and vote under the premise of democracy, only daily hazards remain, including the international knuckle-game! Individually, of course, difficulties are to be negotiated as before, but progress for the World, all nations included, is much more open than before, especially if political leaders can remove some of the paranoia concerning "competition between nations" as business in a neighbouring country usually include happiness and peace in the "first" country, yours for instance! ;-)
Cheers!
Cheers!
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